African polymorphisms in the gene for Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) confer a survival advantage against lethal trypanosomiasis but also an increased risk for several chronic kidney diseases (CKD) including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). APOL1 is expressed in renal cells. however. the pathogenic events that lead to renal cell damage and kidney disease are not fully understood. https://www.incredibleindiatourtravels.com/